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MILCHO MANCHEVSKI

writer|director

 

www.manchevski.com

 

FILMOGRAPHY

as writer-director

 

Features

Kaymak (2022), Premiere: Tokyo International Film Festival, Japan

Willow (2019), Premiere: Festa del Cinema di Roma, Italy

Bikini Moon (2017), Premiere: Mostra Internacional de Cinema São Paulo, Brazil

Mothers (2010) Premieres: Toronto Intl Film Festival, Berlin Intl Film Festival – Panorama

Shadows (2007), Premiere: Toronto Intl Film Festival

Dust (2001), Premiere: Venice Intl Film Festival (Opening night film)

Before the Rain (1994), Premiere: Venice Intl Film Festival (Golden Lion winner)

 

 

Short forms / Experimental films

The End of Time (2017)

ECU (video art for Kiril) (2002)

1.74 (film-performance) A Room to Swing a Cat, Brooklyn (1986)

1.73 (film-performance) Split Film Festival (1985)

1.72 (film-performance) Belgrade Alternative (1984)

Untitled (A.K.A. The Black Leader film) (1982)

The Wire (1981)

Paths of Glory (1981)

Beautiful Blue Danube (1981)

 

Short forms / Narrative films and spec spots

Thursday (2013)

Soho (1991)

Possession (7-min feature pilot) (1990)

Black & Leather 1 (1990)

Black & Leather 2 (1990)

Brooklyn Bridge (1990)

WMFM (1990)

Tough Granny (1985)

Divine Comedy (1982)

The Tenant (1981)

Wednesday Morning at Five O’clock as the Day Begins (1980)

Working Class Goes to Heaven (1980)

Christianity 101 (documentary) (1980)

Untitled (1980)

Untitled (A.K.A. Passport) (1980)

Breakfast (based on a poem by Jacques Prevert; co-directed with Aleksandar Grcev) (1978)

Untitled (A.K.A. Joke) (1978)

 

Music videos and spots

Dali Kje Dojde Na Randevu – Katica Gjakonovska, 2022 (Kaymak OST)

Red Safari – Kiril Dzajkovski, 2019 (Willow OST)
Dawn – Kiril Dzajkovski, 2019 (Willow OST)
Ljubov – Krste Rodzevski, 2019 (Willow OST)
Buddies – Green Car (Skopsko beer, Pivara Skopje/Heineken/Coca Cola), 2015
Buddies – Filip (Skopsko beer, Pivara Skopje/Heineken/Coca Cola), 2015
Buddies – Race (Skopsko beer, Pivara Skopje/Heineken/Coca Cola), 2015
Mothers trailer, 2010
Macedonia Timeless (Mountain Sports: 60), 2009
Macedonia Timeless (Archaeology: 30), 2008
Macedonia Timeless (Temples: 30), 2008
Macedonia Timeless (premiere spot: 60), 2008
Jungle Shadows, 2007
Dust trailer, 2001
Primitive Science (for Kiril), 2001
The Dead Are Waiting (for Kiril), 2001
Brothel Tango (for Kiril), 2001
Tradition (:60 spot), 1999
Before the Rain trailer, 1995
This Generation (for Roachford), 1994
Know Your Boots (spot), 1993
Know Your Boots (point-of-purchase), 1993
Vive ma liberte (for Arno), 1993
Tennessee (for Arrested Development), 1992
One to Grow on (for UMC’s), 1992
Forever and Ever (for Robyn Springer), 1992
A Dirty Cop Named Harry (for Hard Knox), 1992
Do You Want It Right Now (for Degrees of Motion), 1992
Shine on (for Degrees of Motion), 1992
Fakin the Funk (for Main Source) (from the soundtrack of the film White Men Can’t Jump), 1992

Just My Imagination (for 2 Too Many), 1992
Just a Little Love (for Aurra), 1992
I Don’t Mind (for Big Bub), 1992
Never Saw a Miracle (for Curtis Stigers), 1992
Widowmaker (for Widowmaker), 1992
Similak Child (for Black Sheep), 1992
You Ain’t Thinking About Me (for Sonia Dada), 1992
Baby I believe in You (for George LaMond), 1992
You’re Telling Me Stories (for Big Bub), 1992
Fever (for Way 2 Go), 1991
Kid Get Hyped (for Deskee), 1991
Heaven Knows (for Francesca Beghe), 1991
title unknown (for Francesca Beghe), 1991
If You’re Serious (for Riff), 1991
title sequence (for Apollo Theater TV show), 1991
Cassette (spot), 1991
You Don’t Need This (spec spot for Amtrak), 1990
A Word to Mother (for Banji), 1990
Undercover (for Partners In Kryme), 1990
Macy’s Christmas (promotional video), 1986
Hot Day in Mexico (for bastion), 1985
Damar (for Leb i sol), 1983
Talasna duzina (for Leb i sol), 1983
Aber dojde, Donke (for Leb i sol), 1983

 

 

 

As director for hire

 

The Wire (HBO), 2002

Heaven (Krzysztof Kieslowski’s), 1999 (development only)

From Potter’s Field (Patricia Cornwell’s), 1997 (development only)

An Alan Smithee Film (A.K.A. Burn, Hollywood, Burn), 1997 (development only)

Casualties of War (A.K.A. Three Kings), 1996 (development only)

Perfect Murder (A.K.A. Dial M for Murder), 1996 (development only)

Cut Time (documentary), 1990 (pre-production and principal photography only)

 

 

AWARDS

 

Achievement awards

. Zivojin Pavlovic for Contribution to Film Art, Leskovac, 2022

. Golden Camera 300 for Outstanding Contribution to World Cinema, Manaki Brothers Film Festival,

Bitola, Macedonia, 2017
. Great Star of Macedonian Cinema Award, Macedonian Society of Film Professionals, 2014
. Honorary Doctorate, VGIK, Moscow, Russia, 2013
. National Artist (awarded by the President of the Republic of Macedonia), 2012
. Central European Initiative, Trieste, 2012
. Ambassador of Culture of the Republic of Macedonia (Republic of Macedonia), 2007
. Mother Theresa award for humanitarian work, Mother Theresa Foundation, 2002
. October 11 for Major Achievement (highest peacetime award, Republic of Macedonia), 1995
. Eastern Star Award, Trieste Film Festival, 2019

 

Awards for feature films – Before the rain

Silver Condor, 1997, Argentinean Critics Association, Best Foreign Film
Independent Spirit Award, 1996: Best Foreign-Language Film
Mons Festival, Belgium, 1995: Charlot d’or
St Petersburg Festival of Festivals, 1995: Grand Prix
Burgos Festival, Spain, 1995: winner of the single Festival Prize
Gorizia Festival of Screenplay, Italy, 1995: Best Screenplay
Film Forum, Bratislava, Slovakia, 1995: Best Film
Panteleria, Italy, 1995: UNESCO Prize
Warsaw Film Fest, 1995: Audience Award
Austria, 1995: Catholic Film Commission Prize
David di Donatello Special Award to a non-Italian film, Italy, 1995
Swedish Film Institute, 1995: Golden Bug for Best Foreign Film
Film Critics Association of Turkey 1995: Best Foreign Film
Mediterranean Prize for Peace and Tolerance, 1995
Academy Award Nomination, 1995: Best Foreign-Language Film
Venice Film Festival, 1994: Golden Lion for Best Film
Venice, 1994: FIPRESCI Prize (International Critics Prize)
Venice, 1994: The UNICEF Prize 1994
Venice, 1994: Premio Cinemavenire (Young Viewers’ Prize)
Venice, 1994: Audience Prize
Venice, 1994: Rolling Venice Award from the City of Venice
Venice, 1994: Leoncino d’oro, awarded by the Italian students
Venice, 1994: International Catholic Organization for the Cinema
Venice, 1994: Kodak Award for Best First Feature
Venice, 1994: Francesco Pasineti Syndicate Award for Best Actor, Rade Serbedzija
Sao Paolo Festival, 1994: Audience Award for Best Film
Puerto Rico Festival, 1994: Jury Award for Best Film
Puerto Rico Festival, 1994: Audience Award for Best Film
Puerto Rico Festival, 1994: Best Director
Puerto Rico Festival, 1994: Best First Film
Stockholm Festival, 1994: Best Debut Film

 

Awards for feature films – Dust

Golden Reel Award Nomination (Best Sound Editing), 2002

 

Awards for feature films – Shadows

Macedonian Academy Award Submission, 2008: Best Foreign-Language Film
Syracuse Film Festival, 2008: Best Actress nomination, Vesna Stanojevska
Park City Film Music Festival, 2008: Gold Medal for Outstanding Achievement,
Ryan Shore, composer
Golden Ladybug, 2008: Best Actress, Vesna Stanojevska

 

Awards for feature films – Mothers

European Film Committee recommendation – 24th EFA Film Awards invitation, 2011
Cinema City Festival:
FEDEORA (Federation of Film Critics of Europe and the Mediterranean), 2011
FEST: Critics Award for Best FEST Film – Nebojsa Djukelic award, 2011
FEST: Special Jury Prize in the selection Europe Out of Europe, 2011
MTV Adria Movie Awards: Best Movie nomination, 2011
Macedonian Academy Award Submission: Best Foreign-Language Film, 2010

 

Awards for feature films – Bikini Moon

Fantasporto – Oporto International Film Festival: Special Jury Award, 2018

 

Awards for feature films – Willow

North Macedonia’s Official Oscars Entry, Best International Feature Film, 2020

European Film Academy Feature Film Selection For The 33rd European Film Awards, 2020

Fantasporto – Directors Week Best Film Award (Manoel De Oliveira Award), 2020
Cinequest Film Festival, California – Best Narrative Feature Film: Drama, 2020

Raindance Film Festival, London, UK – Best Director, 2020

Mostra De Valencia, Spain – Silver Palm, 2020

Wellington Independent Film Festival – Best Feature Film, 2020

Finalist For European Film Commissions Network Location Award, 2020

Stony Brook Film Festival, New York, USA – Jury Award For Best Feature, 2021

Athens Marathon International Film Festival, Athens, Greece – Best Feature, Best Supporting Actress for Natalija Teodosieva, Honorable Mention for Best Director, Best Cinematography, Best Supporting Actress for Sara Klimoska and People’s Choice for Best Feature, 2021

Across The Globe Film Festival – Best Actress In A Leading Role: Natalija teodosieva, 2021

 

 

 

Awards for short forms

 

Awards for short formsThe end of time

Aspen Shortsfest: Ellen Award, 2017

Jihlava International Documentary Film Festival: Special Mention, 2017

Berlin Experimental Film festival: Best Non Narrative Film, Official Competition, 2017

Belgrade Alternative Film/Video: Special Award, Official Competition, 2017

SanGiò Verona Video Festival; 2018: Best editing, Official Competition

Tirana Film Festival: Best Art Video and Experimental Film, 2018

Wandering Reel Traveling Film Festival: Curator’s Choice, 2018

 

Awards for short formsThursday

USA Film Festival: Festival Award in National Competition, 2014

 

Awards for short formsMacedonia timeless

Best Commercial Spot, International Tourfilm Festival, Płock, Poland, 2009

Blue Danube Award for Best Cultural Tourist Film, SILAFEST, 2009

International Festival of Tourist and Ecology Films, Serbia, 2009

Mobius Award, 1st place, Television, Recreation – Entertainment category, 2010

 

Awards for short formsTennessee

Rolling Stone Magazine: One of 100 best videos ever, 1994

The Village Voice: Best Video – runner-up, 1993

platinum record, 1993

MTV: Best Video – Rap, 1992

Billboard: Best Video: New Pop/Rock Act, 1992

 

Awards for short forms1.72

Belgrade Alternative: Best Experimental Film, 1985

 

ART

 

Axhibitions, performance, etc.

 

There (exhibition of photographs), 2020

Shanghai: Dreaming a Wu Yan Poem (exhibition of photographs), 2017

Thursday

Savina Museum of Contemporary Art, South Korea, 2016

Five Drops of Dream (exhibition of photographic pentaptychs)

Mediterranean Film Festival, Izmir, Turkey, 2013

Solyanka Gallery, Moscow, Russia, 2013

Multimedia Museum, Moscow, Russia, 2013

Gliptoteka, Croatian Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2012

Miyako Yoshinaga Art Prospects, New York, 2012

National Gallery, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2012

Kulturni Centar Beograda, Serbia, 2012

Museum of Contemporary Art, Skopje, Macedonia, 2011

Museum of Contemporary Art, Novi Sad, Serbia, 2011

Brazil: a Photograph for the Future (a photograph in a group show)
Antonia Jannone Gallery, Milan, 2010

Bitola (artwork in a retrospective), 2007

A Page Out of Order: M (dance by Yoshiko Chuma, incorporating a distillation of Before the Rain)

Dance Theater Workshop, 2006

La Mama, 2006

Centrul National al Dansului, Romania, 2006

Japan, 2006

Lokomotiva, Macedonia, 2006

Mabou Mines, 2005

Bard College, 2005

Conceptual Discourse in Macedonia (eight artworks in a retrospective)

Museum of Contemporary Art, Skopje, Macedonia, 2003

Street (exhibition of photographs)

Emzin Gallery, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 2006

Museum of Contemporary Art, Santo Domingo, 2003

Apollonia Space, Strasbourg, France, 2001

Thessalonica, Greece, 2001

Palermo, Italy, 2000

Naples, Italy, 2000

Zagreb, Croatia, 2000

Skulpturen Hus, Stockholm, Sweden, 1999

Museum of Contemporary Art, Macedonia, 1999

SCCA group show (photographs in a group show)

Poland, 2001

Bulgaria, 2000

Macedonia, 2000

1.74, A Room to Swing a Cat, Brooklyn, 1986
1.73, Split Film Festival, 1985
1.72, Belgrade Alternative, 1984
1AM (appearance art), Skopje, Macedonia, 1984

1AM (appearance art), Skopje, Macedonia, 1983

 

 

Published art

 

Pictures, Words and Lies, (book of text and photographs), Magor, Macedonia, 2015

Between the Lines (photographs in a periodical) Vreme, Belgrade, 2013

Five Drops of Dream (book of photographic pentaptychs, accompanying an exhibition,

Museum of Contemporary Art, Macedonia), 2011

Various Artists (album cover design), 2007

The Bastion Sessions, (album cover design), 2005

Street (book of photographs, accompanying an exhibition, Santo Domingo), 2003

Idea-theque (works in book of documents on conceptual discourse), 2003

Religion and Sex, Kiril (album cover design and photo), 2000

Europe and the Other, Europe as the Other, Bo Strath (front cover photo), 2000

Street (book of photographs, accompanying an exhibition,

Museum of Contemporary Art, Macedonia), 1999

 

 

WRITINGS

 

Fiction

The Ghost of My Mother (short book of fiction)

Identities, 2000

Tri, 2000

Kulturen zivot, 1997

My Grandfather (short story),

New American Writing, 2005

Identities, 2002

Flight (short story), New American Writing, 2002

Marcus’ Portrait (short story), New American Writing, 2002

Wishes (short story),

New American Writing, 1999

Forum, 1998

Twelve Years Ago (short story),

Caesarian Cut (anthology), 2001

New American Writing, 1998

Margina, 1998

Du-A-A (Croatia), 1986

Ceiling (film treatment), Nova Makedonija, 1998

Allday (short story) Epicurean Garden, First Prize, 1977

Loneliness (short story), Skopje, Second Prize, 1976

 

 

Essays, opinion pieces, book introductions, articles, etc.

 

Great Expectations: When a Film Is Not Macedonian Enough, Cineuropa, 2022

Pictures, Words and Lies, Magor, 2015

Sensuality and Sense in the cinema – Interdependence of Physicality and Textuality of
Film Reception, (a chapter in a book published by Universität Bielefeld), 2015
Why I Like Writing and Hate Directing: Notes of a Recovering Writer-Director, Journal of
Screenwriting, Vol. 6, Number 3, 2015
Why I Like Writing and Hate Directing: Notes of a Recovering Writer-Director,
7th Screenwriting Research Network International Conference, Screenwriting & Directing
Audiovisual Media, Film University Babelsberg, Potsdam, 2014
Truth and Fiction: Notes on (Exceptional) Faith in Art, [book] punctum books, Brooklyn, 2012
Truth and Fiction, Art and Faith, Pontifical Lateran University, Vatican,
Film and Faith conference, 2011
Art, Violence + Society: A Few Notes (Tone and Function: Art and Ritual), Interpretations,
Macedonian Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2007
Living with Shadows, Moving Pictures, 2007

Introduction to the book Biographies of Goce Delcev and Pere Tosev, by Gjorce Petrov, 2003

Introduction to the published edition of the screenplay for Before the Rain, 2002

Introduction to the published edition of the screenplay for Dust, 2001

Ground Zero [essay], Vest, Macedonia, 2001

Rainmaking and Personal Truth, Rethinking History, 1999

Towards Total Art [essay], 1985; Razgledi 1995; Nova Makedonija, 1997

The American Avant-Garde Cinema [essay], Sineast, 1984

Hollywood Horror of the 70’s [essay], Sineast, 1984

Essays and Opinion Pieces in: La Repubblica, Corriere della Sera, Rethinking History, Dnevnik, The Guardian, Seuddeutsche Zeitung, Pravda, De Standaard, etc. 1997-2000

Over 200 magazine articles, including criticism and cinema studies, published in fourteen periodicals in Yugoslavia. 1975 – 1986

 

 

Translations

Brokeback Mountain by Annie Proulx, 1999

 

 

FILM SHOWINGS

 

Manchevski’s feature films Before the Rain, Dust, Shadows, Mothers, Bikini Moon, Willow and Kaymak and the shorts Thursday and The End of Time and several music videos (including Tennessee), as well as the episode of HBO’s The Wire he directed have screened globally.

 

Before the Rain, Dust, Shadows, Mothers, Bikini Moon, Willow and Kaymak, as well as Thursday and The End of Time, have screened at numerous festivals

 

Before the Rain, Dust, Shadows and Mothers received wide theatrical distribution in more than 50 countries.

 

The length and the scope of the theatrical run was varied, with some territories, such as Spain, Turkey, Argentina and Italy showing Before the Rain in the first-run theaters for several
months; in Sweden, the film played in first-run theaters for a year; in the U.S. it did play venues where relatively few foreign films play, such as Kansas City.

 

The films have wide video distribution internationally. Since it was initially released before DVD was in wide use, Before the Rain is recently being re-issued as a DVD in a number of territories: Brazil, Turkey, UK, Italy, U.S. (by the Criterion Collection in 2008), etc.

 

After the theatrical run, the films aired repeatedly on pay-per-view and cable channels, and on commercial and public TV. They are also frequently shown in cinematheque and college settings and available for streaming.

 

Festivals

(Partial Listing)

 

Ankara (1995), Aruba (2011), Aspen (2017), Athens (2021), Austria (2004), Balkan Boom, Romania (2004), Beijing (2020), Belgrade (2006), Belgrade shorts (1985), Berlin (2011), Big Muddy Film Festival (1995), Bratislava (1995 and 2002) Brno (2011), Budapest (1994), Burgos (1995), Cairo (1995), Cleveland (2011), Cameraimage, Lodz, Poland (1994 and 2007), Cinequest (2020, 2023), Classico, Italy (2016), Cluj, Romania (2011), Copenhagen (2004, 2008), Dinard (1994 and 2001), East by Southeast, Danish Film Institute (2012), Earth Films Festival in Turkey (2003) FEST Belgrade (2002, 2008, 2011, 2020 and 2023), Festival “Cultural Mondialization,” Monumenta, Tours, France (2007), Fort Lauderdale, USA (2011), Freedom Film Festival (American Cinema Foundation) (2006), Goa, India (2011), Golden Horse, Taipei (2001, 2007, 2019, 2022), Gorizia (1995) Gothenborg (1995), Guadalajara (2008), Hof (1994), Hong Kong (1995 and 2002), International Film Festival of India (2006), Izmir (2012), Istanbul (1994, 2008, 2011 and 2019), Jerusalem (1995), Ji.hlava (2018), Karlovy Vary (1995), Kerala (2011), Kiev (1995 and 2010),  Las Palmas De Gran Canaria (2011), Lato Film Festival, Kazimierz Dolny (2002), Leskovac (2011, 2020 and 2022), Ljubljana (1994), Locarno (2015), Madeira, Portugal (2011), Madrid Cine Experimental (2011), Malmoe (1995), Manaki Brothers, Bitola (1994 and 2010), Mexico (1995), Miami (1995), Minsk (2011), Mons, Belgium (1995), Moscow (2011), Aye Aye Film Festival, France (2011), Neuchatel Fantastic Film Festival, Novi Sad (2011), Motovun (2002), Night Festival Copenhagen (1995), Ourém, Portugal (2011), Palm Springs(1995, 2007), Panteleria (1995), Park City (2008), Podgorica (2002), Portland (1995), Puerto Rico (1994), Pula (2011), Purbeck Film Festival, UK (2011), Riga (2002), San Sebastian (Retrospective) (2001), Santa Barbara (1994, 2008), SanGiò Verona Video Festival (2018), Sao Paulo (1994, 2002, 2007 and 2010), Sarajevo (1995, 2011 and 2020), Shanghai (1995 and 2018), Singapore (2002, 2008), Sofia (1997, 2002, 2007, 2011, 2018, 2021 and 2023), South Yara, Australia (2002), St. Petersburg (1995),  Speaking across the Frame: Language and Culture in European Cinema (Univ of Toronto), 2006,  Spring Film Festival (Australia and New Zealand), 2012 Stockholm (1994), Struga (2014), Sundance (1995), Syracuse Film Fest (2005, 2008 and 2011), Tallinn (2019), Tetovo (2014), Thessaloniki (1995 and 2001), Tirana (1998, 2020 and 2023), Tokyo (1995, 2001 and 2022), Toronto (1994, 2001, 2007 and 2010), Trieste (1994, 2012), United Nations International Film Festival (2004), University of Michigan (2002), Valencia (2020), Valladolid (1994), Varna (1995, 2011), Venice (1994 Winner, and 2001 Opening Night Film, 2013), Vienna (1994, 2014), Vilnius (2011), Virton (Belgium) (1995), Visionaria (2012), Vitebsk, Belarus (1995), Wellington (2020)

 

Retrospectives and Conferences

 

Retrospectives of Manchevski’s Work

 

Sofia International Film Festival, Bulgaria, 2023

Shanghai Film Festival, 2017

Festival Classico, Canelli, Italy, 2016

Fantasporto Festival, Oporto, Portugal, 2016

Macedonian Film Festival, Toronto, Canada, 2015

Shoot, cousin, shoot!, Skopje, Macedonia, 2015

Multimedia Museum, Moscow, Russia, 2013

Mediterranean Film Festival, Izmir, Turkey, 2013

Hanoi Cinematheque, Vietnam, 2012

Dom na kinoto, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2012

Kulturni Centar, Novi Sad, Serbia, 2012

Cineteca di Bologna, Italy, 2011

De Balie Cultural Center, Cinema and Media Department, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2005

Sundance Channel, USA, 2005

Akademski Kino Klub, Belgrade, Serbia, 2005

San Sebastian, Spain, 2001

Cineteca di Bologna, Italy, 1996

 

 

 

Conferences about Manchevski’s Films

 

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Human rights in Milcho Manchevski’s work), 2015

Brown University (part of the conference Balkan Literatures of Dissent), 2007

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Netherlands, the Hague

(round table Dust and the Western Perceptions of Balkan Realities), 2005

Leipzig University (conference The Film Dust and (Re-)Inventing Collective Identities), 2004 European University Institute, Florence, Italy

(conference: “One Film – Many Histories: An Inquiry into the Film Before the Rain”), 1999

 

Lectures, Master Classes and Conversations,

Conference Screenings of Manchevski’s Films (Selection)

 

Academy-Award Nominee panel, 1995

Akademski Kino Klub, Belgrade

Annual Convention of the Modern Languages Association, Philadelphia, 2004

Arizona State University, 2023

Arts University College at Bournemouth, The, 2012

Aruba International Film Festival, In Conversation with Milcho Manchevski, 2011

Baltic Film and Media School

Bard College, NY

Bredius Foundation, Society of Byzantium Studies, Hernen, Netherlands, 2006

Brown University’s Watson Institute for International Studies (Independence: Art and Activism, 2003, and Art and Violence, 2006)

Cambridge University, UK

Canadian Macedonian Historical Society, Toronto Carleton University in Ottawa

Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs

Catholic University of America, The Columbia University,

Conference on Art and Conflict Resolution in Rhodes, Greece, 2005

Dallas Society for Psychoanalytic Psychology Arts Committee (The Psychology of Extremism)

Earth Films Festival in Turkey, 2003,

East-West: East European (Self) Representation vis-à-vis Western Europe and the Liminal Lens of East European intellectuals living abroad

Elon College

Escuela Internacional de Cine y Television EICTV, Havana, Cuba, 2016

European Cinema Research Forum 2005, Leeds, UK

FilmZeit, conference on film time at Saarlandes University under the motto Time Never Dies, screening/discussing Before the Rain, 2015

Fakultet dramskih umetnosti, Belgrade

Fetival Classico, Canelli, Italy, 2016 Filmuniversität Babelsberg Konrad Wolf, Germany

First World Conference of Screenwriters, Athens, Greece, 2009

Utrikespolitiska Föreningen (Association of Foreign Affairs), Lund University, Sweden Frontières et identités territoriales et imaginaires de l’antiquité aux temps modernes Goa Film Festival, 2011

Goethe House: Balkan Boom Film Festival, Romania, 2004

Gorges of Balkans, The, Conference, Kunsthalle Fridericianum Kassel Harvard Film Archive (Politics and Society)

Hochschule für Film und Fernsehen München, Germany

Hochschule für Film und Fernsehen Konrad Wolf, Babelsberg, Germany Jena University, Germany

La journée du CdB : rencontres interbalkaniques, Centre Marius Sidobre, France Klub na novinari, Macedonia

Kunsthalle Fridericianum in Kassel, Art Conference

Kulturni Centar, Novi Sad, Serbia, 2012 Let’s Cee Film Festival, Vienna, 2014

Lilian Vernon Center for International Affairs at NYU (Politics and Art in Cinema)

London Film School, Industry Practice Class Macedonian Cultural Center in NY

Mahidol University International College, Bangkok, Thailand, 2010 Mainz University, Germany

Mclaine Program for Eastern European Leaders at International House Midwest Slavic Conference, Ohio State University, 2007

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Netherlands

(Dust and the Western Perceptions of Balkan Realities) Minsk University, Institute of Journalism, Belarus, 2011 Moynihan Institute for European Studies at Syracuse University Museum of Modern Art, Oklahoma

National Arts Club, New York

National Tsing Hua University in Hsinchu, Taiwan, 2010

National Academy of Theater and Film Arts, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2012 Oklahoma (Symposium on War, Reconstruction and Relief) Oxford Brookes University, 2015

Palic Festival of European Film

(Conference How The War Started on My Balkan Peninsula), 2011 Salerno, Italy (Poetry and Cinema)

Sarai-Waag Workshop at Sarai-CSDS, New Delhi, India, 2003 (Conference Crisis/Media: Uncertain States of the Reportage)

Sarajevo Festival presentation and Q&A

Southern Illinois University in Carbondale Sundance Festival presentation and Q&A Syracuse Film Festival

Tokyo Festival presentation and Q&A Torino Book Fair panel

Toronto Festival presentation and Q&A (for Before the Rain, Dust and Shadows)

Trieste Film Festival, 2012 UNESCO, 2007

Union College (“Politics and Cinema”)

United Nations International Film Festival, 2004, Conference on Peace and the Arts

Universität Bielefeld, Sensuality and sense in the cinema – Interdependence of Physicality and Textuality of Film Reception, 2015

University of Central Florida (Treatment of Time in Before the Rain and Dust) University of Central Florida Honors Club

University of Washington, Seattle University of Texas in Austin University of Tehran

University of Oklahoma

University of Michigan, Center for European Studies, 2007 University of Chicago,

University of Tokyo

Univerzitet Sv. Kiril i Metodij, Macedonia (College of Philosophy; also College of Ethnology) Venice Festival (CinemAvvenire award at the Venice Film Festival established in 1999 and named after the mottoof

Before the Rain: “The Circle Is not Round”) Venice Festival presentation and Q&A

Venice Festival conference (“An Encounter between European and American Filmmakers”)

Vernon Center for Global Affairs at NYU VGIK, Moscow

Week of Macedonian Culture in Austria Week of Macedonian Culture in France Week of Macedonian Culture in Croatia Week of Macedonian Culture in Portugal Week of Macedonian Culture in Denmark Week of Macedonian Culture in Romania

World Conference on Inter-Religious and Inter-Civilization Dialogue, Ohrid, 2007 Yale University conference on Balkan Cinema

Yale University Film Studies Program Yale, Calhoun Master’s House, Master Tea

 

Essays and Critical Writings about Manchevski’s Work (Selection)

 

. Abadzieva, Sonia, Conceptual Practices in the Art Narratives of Milcho Manchevski

. Aleksic, Tatjana, Rutgers University, A Gaze into the Balkans’ Underbelly: The Films of Angelopoulos, Kusturica, and Manchevski

. Angelovska, Prof. Despina (Skopje/Filmtheorie), De(constructing) Balkanism in the film Dust by Milcho Manchevski

. Bacholle, Michele, Pushing the Limits of Autobiography: Schizophrenia in the Works of Farida Belghoul, Agota Kristof and Milcho Manchevski

. Bojić, Katarzyna, Zanim spadnie deszcz – Przypowieść o oczyszczeniu, Art Papier

. Bovens, Luc, Moral Luck, Photojournalism, and Pornography, The Journal of Value Inquiry

. Brown, S. Keith, Macedonian Culture and Its Audiences: An Analysis of Before the Rain

. Bubits, Sabine, Kriegsfilm am Balkan: Milcho Manchevskis “Before the Rain” mit dem Aspekt des “Selbstexotismus” (book)

. Burgoyne, Robert, Ethnic Nationalism and Globalization

. Canby, Vincent, The New York Times Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made, (book)

. Christie, Ian, Landscape and Location: Reading Filmic Space Historically

. Christie, Ian, Never-Ending Story

. Cooper, Patricia, Writing the Short Film, Second Edition (book)

. Coover, Roderick, History in Dust: An Interview with Milcho Manchevski, Film Quarterly, 2005

. Cowgill, Linda J., Writing Short Films: Structure and Content for Screenwriters, Second edition 2005

. Crnkovic, Gordana P., Milcho Manchevski’s Before the Rain and the Ethics of Listening

. Crnković, Gordana P., Mothers of Invention: Milcho Manchevski’s Delightful Icons, Kino Kultura 2015

. Curtis, Matthew, Nature, Violence, and Sacrifice in Before the Rain: Milcho Manchevski’s 1995 Film

. Dancyger, Ken, The Technique of Film and Video Editing: History, Theory, and Practice (book)

. Dancyger, Ken, Global Scriptwriting (book)

. di Oliveira, Joao Vicente Ganzarolli, Before The Rain – An Aesthetics Of Paradox

. Dimitrijevich, Prof. Andrija, (Belgrad/Filmtheorie), The Kinesthetic of Dust – The End of Drama

. Ďurovičová, Natasa, Dust and Before the Rain in “World Cinemas, Transnational Perspectives” (book)

. Easton, Sean, The Mote and the Storm: Milcho Manchevski’s ‘Dust’ (2001) and the Coexistence

of Centuries, 2015

. Ebert, Roger andBerardinelli, James, Reel Views: The Ultimate Guide to the Best 1,000 Modern Movies on DVD and Video (book)

. Edualter-Drac Màgic, Antes de la lluvia: Análisis del largometraje “Antes de la lluvia” de

Milcho Manchevski para ser utilizado como material didáctico en el aula

. Filipcevic, Vojislava, Historical Narrative and The East-West Leitmotif in Milcho Manchevski’s Before The Rain and Dust, Film Criticism, winter 2005

. Filipcevic, Vojislava, “East”/”West” Encounters in the Balkan Cinema: Dichotomies of Loss in Milcho Manchevski’s Before The Rain and Dust

. Friedman, Victor A. Fable as History: The Macedonian Truth

. Goulding, Daniel J., Liberated Cinema: The Yugoslav Experience, 1945-2001 (book)

. Horton, Andrew, Cinema across the Oceans: an Interview with Milcho Manchevski, Cineaste

. Horton, Andrew, Milcho Manchevski’s “Mothers”

. Höpken, Prof. Wolfgang (Leipzig/Geschichte), Balkan als Gewaltgeschichte ? (Balkans as a history of violence?)

. Hughes-Freeland, Felicia, Ritual, Performance, Media (book)

. Ilieva, Angelina, Permutations of the Mythic Lens: The Gaze of the West in Milcho Manchevski’s Films “Before the Rain” and “Dust”

. Ilieva, Angelina, Traversing the Fantasy: Milcho Manchevski’s Before the Rain

. Ilieva, Angelina, Seeing and Being Seen: Negotiating the Western Gaze in Milcho Manchevski’s Before The Rain

. Ilieva, Angelina Emilova, PhD, Romulus’s nations: Myths of brotherhood and fratricide in Russian and South Slavic National Narratives (Nikolai Vasil’evich Gogol’, Petar Njegos, Serbia and Montenegro, Anton Donchev, Bulgaria, Milcho Manchevski, Macedonia)

. Iordanova, Dina, Before the Rain in a Balkan Context

. Ivanov, Bojan, Motives

. J.P.L., …sobre o cinema dos balcãs

. Kolozova, Katerina, On Manchevski’s Mothers: An Anatomy of Misogyny. Kibbey, Ann, Montage and the Semiotics of Credibility: An Analysis of Before The Rain

. Kibbey, Ann, Theory of the Image: Capitalism, Contemporary Film and Women (book),

Indiana University Press, 2005, Essay Three: Relief from the Production of Certainties

. Kitchen, Judith, Distance and Direction (book)

. Kleen,Björn af, Before the Rain in Utrikespolitiska Föreningen (Association of Foreign Affairs), Lund University

. Kobow, Beatrice (Leipzig/Philosophie-Filmtheorie), Die Lebenden und die Toten B

Meistererzählung, narrative Rahmenstruktur und Kollektive Identität in Dust (The Living and the Dead B Masternarrative, Narrative Frames and Collective Identity in Dust)

. Kolbe, Kica, Searching for the Aura of the Street

. Kolozova, Katerina, Shadows: Sexuality and Melancholy

. Kostova, Marina, Manchevski (mongraph), Ars Lamina, Bitsia, 2015

. Kostova, Marina, Just a Moral Obligation

. Kostova, Marina with Kunovski, Blagoja, Rain, the World about Milcho Manchevski’s Before the Rain (book), Museum of Contemporary Art, 2004

. Kostova, Marina, The West With a Skeleton in the Closet: How Macedonia Lost the War for Truth

. Krastev, Ivan and Krasztev, Péter, Reflections on Balkan Furniture – The Paradigm Lost

. Kremeier, Ulrike (Berlin-Leipzig/Kunstgeschichte), (Re)inszenierung des Realen B Malerei und Film ((Re)Staging of the Real B Painting and Film)

. Kronauer, Dr. Iris (Köln-Berlin/Geschichte), Dust – Über Politik, Krieg und Film (Dust B on Politics, War and Film)

. Kronauer, Dr. Iris, Wiping Dust in Venice, 2015

. Kronauer, Dr. Iris, Manchevski biography, 2015

. Krstev, Petar, Uredbata na Balkanite

. Kujundziski, Zarko, Macedonian Rashomon, an Interview with Milcho Manchevski, Blesok

. Lambevski, Saso, Se prepoznav!

. Lambevski,Sasho Alexander, Feeling the Paranoiac, the Schizzo and the Depressive: A Semiotic Analysis of Macedonia’s Emotional Architecture in Before the Rain

. José MaríaCaparrós Lera, El cine de nuestros días(1994-1998)

. Macdonald, Ian, Screenwriting Poetics and the Screen Idea

. Makarushka, Irena, Religion, Ethnicity and Violence in Before The Rain

. Manning, Erin, Waiting for Faces to Speak Pictures: Estrangement, Silence and Eternal Recurrence in Manchevski’s Before the Rain

. Marciniak, Katarzyna, Transnational Anatomies of Exile and Abjection in Milcho Manchevski’s Before The Rain

. Marciniak, Katarzyna, Alienhood : citizenship, exile, and the logic of difference (book)

. Marcus, George E., Cultural Producers in Perilous States: Editing Events, Documenting Change (book)

. Maric, Zoran, Between Myths and Memories: The Balkans in the Films of Milcho Manchevski

. Marzouka, Nelly, Antes de la lluvia, la decision de vivir en el ser o en la negacion de ser: el

tener (comparación del conflicto de los Balcanes y la ocupación sionista.fascista en Palestina)

. McGrady, Connor and Solman, Dario, Macedonian Mythmaking

. McGrady, Connor, Fragments, Layers and Temporal Disruption: Observations on Milcho Manchevski’s Work in Film

. McGrady, Connor, Time, Narrative and Representation: Milcho Manchevski’s Work in Performance and Photography

. McMahon, Vanessa, Mothers review, Fest21

. McKean, Dave, Street

. Meggle, Prof. Georg (Leipzig/Philosophie), Kollektive Identität – Oder: Wer sind wir? (Collective Identity B or: who are we?)

. Mickov, Biljana, Five Drops of Dream

. Milicic-Wagner, Tanja, Home

. Monegal, Antonio, Aporias of the War Story

. Moran, Albert, Film Policy: International, National and Regional Perspectives (Culture, Policy, and Politics) (book)

. Moreiras-Menor, C., Critical Interventions on Violence: An Introduction

. Morini, Andrea, Strada, Fotografie di MilchoManchevski

. Munos, Abel, Visiones de una Caida

. Naput, Alicia, La Tragedia En El Cine

. Petrovski Zoran, Five Drops of Dream

. Preußer, Heinz-Peter, Tödliche Blicke Filmische Typologien des Fotografen, des Reporters und des Regisseurs im Kriege. Spottiswoode – Born/Schlöndorff – Manchevski – Kusturica – Angelopoulos

. Psarros, PD Nikolaos (Leipzig/Philosophie), A Shootist for VMRO – Eine zweifache Läuterung und eine Sünde (A shootist for VMRO – a Double Redemption and a Sin)

. Raskin, Richard, On Unhappy Endings, Politics and Storytelling, P.O.V, a Danish Journal of Film Studies, no. 16, Dec 2003

. Rhodes,Nancy Keefe, Storytelling in the New Post-War Western

. Rosenstone, A. Robert, A History of What Has Not Yet Happened

. Ryan, James, Screenwriting from the Heart (book)

. Sarkanjac, Branislav, Catachresis and “Dust

. Screenpeace: An Antiwar Film Festival, the War Resisters League’s 2007 peace calendar

. Sheleva, E., The Macedonian Film in the Balkan Cultural Intertext

. Slapsak, Svetlana, Luke Balkanwalker Shoots Corto Maltese: Milcho Manchevski’s ADust@

as an answer to the Western Cultural Colonialism

. Slapsak, Svetlana, Representations of Gender as Constructed, Questioned and Subverted in Balkan Films, Cineaste

. Slapsak, Svetlana, Legenda o nepotrebnoj smrti

. Sopova, Jasmina, The Century of the Cinema Edition, interview with Milcho Manchevski, UNESCO Courier

. Soria, Marta and Arnau, Pablo, Analisis Estetico Y Etico De Una Pelicula (Ejamplo de pelicula analizada: Before The Rain de Manchevsky)

. Stone, Judy, Eye on the World: Conversations with International Filmmakers (book)

. Tangerstad, Erik, After the War? A Historical Reflection on the Film Before The Rain (edited and revised)

. Tangerstad, Erik, Before the Rain – After the War?

. Tängerstad, Erik (Lund/Geschichte-Filmtheorie), When A Story Hides the Story – Dust as a Form of Collective Rorschach Test

. Taylor, Romy, A Balkan Solution? Fluid Identities in Manchevski’s 1994 Before The Rain

. Treber, Karsten, Auf Abwegen : episodisches Erzählen im Film (book)

. Weber, Dr. Claudia (Leipzig/Geschichte), Mental Maps. Identitätskonstruktionen in Raum und Zeit. (Mental Maps. Constructions of Identity in Space and Time)

. Werbart, Andrzej, Our Need of Taboo: Pictures of Violence and Mourning Difficulties

. Wexman Wright, Virginia,Verities: the 2011 Berlinale, Off screen

. Woodard, Thomas, Living/Reliving: Before The Rain

. World Policy Journal, Volume XVI, No 2, Summer 1999, The Ten Best Films About International Relations

. Yien, Denis, James Joyce’s “Finnegan’s Wake” and Milcho Manchevski’s “Before The Rain” – Storyboard for Hyper-Narrative Assignment

. Yotov, Prof. Stilian (Sofia/Philosophie), Der ‘Wilde Western’ des Balkans (The Wild West of

the Balkans)

. Zizek, Slavoj, Metastaze uzivanja

. Zoller Seitz, Mark, Distant Thunder

 

Films by Manchevski Used in Curricula at Universities

(Partial List of Universities)

 

Academia Musicalis Lituanie Arizona State University

Art Institute of Chicago (AFilm and Memory@)

Beijing Film Academy,China Bergen University College, Norway Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey Birkbeck University of London, UK Braca Karic, Belgrade, Serbia

Brown University’s Watson Institute for International Studies

California State University San Marcos Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh Case Western Reserve University Catholic University in Rio de Janeiro,

Central European University, Budapest, Hungary

Central Oregon Community College College of Europe, Belgium

College of William and Mary, The, VA

Columbia University Cornell University CUNY, Brooklyn

Duke University, Department of Management, Durham, NC

Eastern Connecticut State University

Escuela Internacional de Cine y Television EICTV, Havana, Cuba

Elon University School ofCommunications Euro Acting School of San Francisco

European University Institute Robert Schuman Centre Department of History and Civilisation

Evrobalkan Ohrid Summer University Fakultet dramskih umetnosti, Belgrade, Serbia FAMU, Prague, Czech Republic Filmuniversität Babelsberg Konrad Wolf Florida Atlantic University

Georgetown University, Center for Eurasian, Russian and East European Studies

Graduate School of Film Producing, Tokyo

Grinnell College

Grossmont College, El Cajon, CA

Gustavus Adolfus College in Minnesota (AConflict Resolution@) Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung, Germany

High Schools in Australia, Year 12 Course Book, Macedonian as Second Language Institut Català d’Antropologia, Barcelona, Spain

Institute of Journalism and Communication, Tokyo University

International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, Norway

Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, The Jerusalem University

Kunsthochschule für Medien, Cologne Germany

Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli, Roma Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey

Masarykova univerzita, Czech Republic

Michigan Technological University, Millikin University, Decatur, IL

Mount Holyoke College, Massachusetts National Film School, Poland, Lodz National high school syllabus in Italy

National Academy of Theater and Film Arts, Sofia, Bulgaria

New York State Writers Institute in Albany New Zealand Film School

North Central College; Naperville, IL

Northwestern University, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences Northwestern University

New York University (Dept of Comparative Literature: ADiscourse and Society@)

NYU, Center for European and Mediterranean Studies

NYU in Prague, Czech Republic, Media, Culture and Globalization Ohio State University

Ohio University

Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg Parsons School of Design, New York Pontifical Catholic University, Rio de Janeiro Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Rutgers University

Salem State College, Salem, MA

Scuola Nazionale di Cinema, Rome Southern Illinois University in Carbondale, Southern Connecticut State University Stanford Film Society, Stanford University Stony Brook University, New York

SUNY Stony Brook

Study of Current English, The, Korea (textbook) Tel Aviv University

Texas Christian University, Fort Worth Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas Union College

Universidad de Alicante Comunidad Valenciana España

Universidad del cine, Argentina Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, La, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barselona, Spain

Universität Zürich, Switzerland Universität Leipzig, Gremany Universität Bremen, Germany

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Univeristy of Bielefeld University of Brussels, Belgium University of Minnesota University of Michigan

University of Calgary, Department of Religious Studies University of Hawaii, Department of History, Honolulu University of North Carolina at Charlotte, The University of Surrey, The, Guildford, UK

University of Cambridge, Clare Hall College, UK

University of Kansas

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

University of San Diego, Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice University College London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies

University of Illinois at Urbana, The Russian, East European and Eurasian Center

University of the Philippines, College of Mass Communication, University of Oklahoma

University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Philosophy University of Leicester, UK

University at Albany, New York State Writers Institute

University of Washington

University of Calgary, Department of Religious Studies, Faculty of Humanities University of Rochester, Rochester,NY

University of New Hampshire, Whittemore School of Business & Economics

University of Massachusetts Amherst University of New Hampshire

University at Buffalo, The State University of New York

University of Michigan – CREES Department of Education National Resource,Center for Eastern Europe, Russia, and Eurasia)

University of St Andrews, Scotland University of Wisconsin – Madison University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point University of Arizona

University of Texas in Austin

University of Oklahoma University of São Paulo, Brasil

University of Central Florida, Orlando University of Greenwich, England University of Aarhus, Denmark University of Vienna, Austria University of Fribourg, Switzerland

University of Copenhagen, Denmark University of Southern California, University of Illinois

University of Chicago (Listening Comprehension Workbook, Department of Slavic and Baltic

Languages and Literature) University of Western Australia VGIK, Moscow, Russia

Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand

West Virginia University

Wheeling Jesuit University, West Virginia

Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Xavier University of Louisiana

Yale University (World Cinema class) York University, Ontario, Canada

 

 

Professional Associations

 

European Film Academy Directors Guild of America PEN Club

Writers’ Association of Macedonia

former: Directors Guild of Great Britain, Writers Guild of Great Britain

 

 

 

Festival Juries

Locarno (President)

Venice Orizzonti,

Warszawa (President),

Vilnius (President),

Sarajevo (President),

Munich (President),

Goethe-Institut Verbindungsbüro Skopje (President),

Shanghai,

Herceg Novi,

Rostov on Don,

FEST Belgrade,

Fajr

Roma Balkan Fiulm Festival (president)

 

Teaching

 

Escuela Internacional de Cine y TV, Havana, Cuba, 2016

Feirsten Graduate School of Cinema, Brooklyn College, 2016-2018

VGIK (the Russian state film school), 2012/13

Educational project supported by the Department of State and the US Embassy

New York University, 2002-2009, Full-time, Head of Directing Department

Lee Strasberg Institute, 2008

 

 

Workshops, Master Classes and Lectures (Partial Listing)

 

Arizona State University, 2023

Oslo University 2018

First Film First, Belgrade, 2017 Shanghai University 2016

First Film First, Belgrade, 2016 London Film School 2015, Oxford Brookes University 2015, York University (Canada) 2015,

Western University, Ontario, 2015,

American University in Bulgaria 2015,

Marubi Film Academy in Tirana (Albania) 2015,

OSCE mission to Tirana 2015,

University of Tsukuba (Japan) 2015,

University Babelsberg Konrad Wolf 2014 (the German state film school), Universität Bielefeld (Germany) 2014,

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) 2014,

Cambridge University 2013,

Hanoi Cinematheque 2013,

Temple University (Philadelphia) 2013, Multimedia Museum in Moscow 2013, Pratt Institute 2012 and 2013, Cineteca di Bologna 2011

University of Texas at Austin 2008 and 2011

Bulgarian Film Academy, Sofia 2011,

Minsk University, Institute of Journalism, Belarus 2011,

Mahidol University International College, Bangkok (Thailand) 2010, Binger Film Lab (Amsterdam, Holland) 2009,

University of Chicago 2008,

Lilian Vernon Center for International Affairs at NYU (Politics and Art in Cinema) 2006,

Columbia University 2002

Moynihan Institute for European Studies at Syracuse University Museum of Modern Art, Oklahoma

National Arts Club, New York

Tisch Singapore,

Southern Illinois University,

University of Central Florida,

Elon University, FDU (Belgrade), University of Oklahoma,

Brown University,

several festivals (Venice, Goa, Trieste, Aruba, Manaki Brothers, Madrid Experimental, SEEfest in Vienna… among others).

 

Education

 

BA. Film Production, Department of Cinema and Photography,

College of Mass Communication and Media Arts, Southern Illinois Univ, Carbondale, 1983

(Southern Illinois University Distinguished Alumni Award, 2005)

(Cinema and Photography Alumni Recognition Award, 1997)

Archaeology and Art History, College of Philosophy, Univerzitet Kiril i Metodij, Macedonia, 1978/79

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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